Linux 内核学习笔记系列,内核简介部分,简单介绍 Linux 内核常见的函数及其作用。
内核函数库#
显然,在编写内核时,不能使用 C 标准库。内核实现了自己的函数库,位于名为 lib
的目录下(对于 x86
平台,内核函数库包括 lib
和 arch/x86/lib
目录)。
内核函数库和 C 标准库中不少函数的功能是一致的。
常见函数/宏#
比较大小#
include/linux/kernel.h
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| /*
* min()/max()/clamp() macros that also do
* strict type-checking.. See the
* "unnecessary" pointer comparison.
*/
#define min(x, y) ({ \
typeof(x) _min1 = (x); \
typeof(y) _min2 = (y); \
(void) (&_min1 == &_min2); \
_min1 < _min2 ? _min1 : _min2; })
#define max(x, y) ({ \
typeof(x) _max1 = (x); \
typeof(y) _max2 = (y); \
(void) (&_max1 == &_max2); \
_max1 > _max2 ? _max1 : _max2; })
/*
* ..and if you can't take the strict
* types, you can specify one yourself.
*
* Or not use min/max/clamp at all, of course.
*/
#define min_t(type, x, y) ({ \
type __min1 = (x); \
type __min2 = (y); \
__min1 < __min2 ? __min1: __min2; })
#define max_t(type, x, y) ({ \
type __max1 = (x); \
type __max2 = (y); \
__max1 > __max2 ? __max1: __max2; })
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include/linux/kernel.h
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| /*
* This looks more complex than it should be. But we need to
* get the type for the ~ right in round_down (it needs to be
* as wide as the result!), and we want to evaluate the macro
* arguments just once each.
*/
#define __round_mask(x, y) ((__typeof__(x))((y)-1))
#define round_up(x, y) ((((x)-1) | __round_mask(x, y))+1)
#define round_down(x, y) ((x) & ~__round_mask(x, y))
#define DIV_ROUND_UP(n,d) (((n) + (d) - 1) / (d))
#define roundup(x, y) ((((x) + ((y) - 1)) / (y)) * (y))
|
内存分配#
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| void *kmalloc(size_t size, gfp_t flags);
void kfree(const void *)
|
这两个函数类似于标准库函数 malloc()
和 free()
,其中 flags
表示分配标志,在 Linux 内存管理 (基础部分)中介绍。
输出信息#
1
| int printk(const char *fmt, ...);
|
该函数类似于标准库函数的 printf()
,但使用时可以在字符串前面加上日志级别,如 printk(KERN_ERR "bad value %d\n", value);
。如果不指定日志级别,默认是 KERN_WARNING
,但可能受其他因素影响,最好手动指定。
日志级别定义于 include/linux/kernel.h
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| #define KERN_EMERG "<0>" /* system is unusable */
#define KERN_ALERT "<1>" /* action must be taken immediately */
#define KERN_CRIT "<2>" /* critical conditions */
#define KERN_ERR "<3>" /* error conditions */
#define KERN_WARNING "<4>" /* warning conditions */
#define KERN_NOTICE "<5>" /* normal but significant condition */
#define KERN_INFO "<6>" /* informational */
#define KERN_DEBUG "<7>" /* debug-level messages */
|
缓存对齐#
include/linux/cache.h
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| #ifndef ____cacheline_aligned
#define ____cacheline_aligned __attribute__((__aligned__(SMP_CACHE_BYTES)))
#endif
#ifndef ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
#define ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp ____cacheline_aligned
#else
#define ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp
#endif /* CONFIG_SMP */
#endif
#ifndef __cacheline_aligned
#define __cacheline_aligned \
__attribute__((__aligned__(SMP_CACHE_BYTES), \
__section__(".data.cacheline_aligned")))
#endif /* __cacheline_aligned */
#ifndef __cacheline_aligned_in_smp
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
#define __cacheline_aligned_in_smp __cacheline_aligned
#else
#define __cacheline_aligned_in_smp
#endif /* CONFIG_SMP */
#endif
/*
* The maximum alignment needed for some critical structures
* These could be inter-node cacheline sizes/L3 cacheline
* size etc. Define this in asm/cache.h for your arch
*/
#ifndef INTERNODE_CACHE_SHIFT
#define INTERNODE_CACHE_SHIFT L1_CACHE_SHIFT
#endif
#if !defined(____cacheline_internodealigned_in_smp)
#if defined(CONFIG_SMP)
#define ____cacheline_internodealigned_in_smp \
__attribute__((__aligned__(1 << (INTERNODE_CACHE_SHIFT))))
#else
#define ____cacheline_internodealigned_in_smp
#endif
#endif
|
正如这些宏的字面意思,可以简单理解为按高速缓存行对齐。